European Paleolithic Dogs - Domestic Dogs from Europe

A significant portion of the dog domestication story comes from ancient remains recovered from European archaeological sites dated to the Upper Paleolithic period, beginning about 30,000 years ago. The specific relationship of these dogs to the process of original domestication was in doubt for some years. However, when the complete mitochondrial DNA genome for canids was published in 2013 (Thalmann et al.), those results strongly support the hypothesis that these dogs represent the original domestication event. European Dog Sites Over the past few years, scholars investigating new excavations and old collections from several Upper Paleolithic sites in Europe and Eurasia have continued to find canid skulls which appear to have some aspects related to domestic dogs, while still retaining some wolf-like characteristics. In some of the literature, these are referred to as European Paleolithic (EP) dogs, even though they include some in Eurasia, and they tend to date to just before the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum in Europe, ca 26,500-19,000 calendar years BP (cal BP). The oldest dog skull discovered to date is from Goyet Cave, Belgium. The Goyet cave collections (the site was excavated in the mid-19th century) were examined recently (Germonprà © and colleagues, 2009) and a fossil canid skull was discovered among them. Although there is some confusion as to which level the skull came from, it has been direct-dated by AMS at 31,700 BP. The skull most closely represents prehistoric dogs, rather than wolves. The study examining the Goyet cave also identified what appears to be prehistoric dogs at Chauvet Cave (~26,000 bp) in France and Mezhirich in the Ukraine (ca 15,000 years BP), among others. In 2012, the same scholars (Germonprà © and colleagues 2012) reported on collections from the Gravettian Predmostà ­ cave in the Czech Republic, which contained two more EP dogs dated between 24,000-27,000 BP. One EP dog reported in 2011 (Ovodov and colleagues) was from Razboinichya Cave, or Bandits Cave, in the Altai mountains of Siberia. This site has problematic dates: the same excavation layer returned radiocarbon dates ranging between 15,000-50,000 years. The skull itself has elements of both wolf and dog, and, say scholars, similarities to Goyet, but its dating too is problematic, with AMS dating no more precise than older than 20,000 years. Dog Genome In 2013, the complete dog genome was reported (Thalmann et al.), using complete and partial mitochondrial genomes from 18 prehistoric canids and 20 modern wolves from Eurasia and the Americas. Ancient mtDNA examples included the EP dogs of Goyet, Bonn-Oberkassel and Razboinichya Cave, as well as more recently dated sites of Cerro Lutz in Argentina, and the Koster site in the United States. Results from the ancient mtDNA were then compared to genome sequences from 49 modern wolves, 80 dogs from around the world, and four coyotes. Modern examples of dogs included many breeds, including Dingo, Basenji, and some recently published Chinese indigenous dogs. Results from the genome study support the notion that all modern dogs derive from wolves of European origin, and that that event occurred sometime between 18,800 and 32,100 years ago. The panel points out that the ancient mtDNA studies did not include specimens from the middle east or China, both of which have been proposed as domestication centers. However, neither of these areas have ancient remains older than 13,000 bp. Adding these data to the database might lead to the support of multiple domestication events. Physical Changes If the European domestication event is correct, discussion of the skulls centers on the process of domestication, whether the skulls represent domesticated dogs, or wolves in transition to becoming dogs. Those physical changes seen in the skulls (consisting primarily of the shortening of the snout) may have been driven by changes in diet, rather than specific selection of traits by humans. That transition in diet could well have been partly due to the beginnings of a relationship between humans and dogs, although the relationship might have been as tenuous as animals following human hunters to scavenge. Nevertheless, the transition of a wolf, clearly a dangerous carnivore that you wouldnt want anywhere near your family, into a dog who is both companion and soulmate, is without a doubt a remarkable feat in and of itself. Sources This article is part of the About.com Guide to the History of Animal Domestication. Also see the main Dog Domestication Page for additional information. Germonprà © M, Là ¡znickovà ¡-Galetovà ¡ M, and Sablin MV. 2012. Palaeolithic dog skulls at the Gravettian Predmostà ­ site, the Czech Republic. Journal of Archaeological Science 39(1):184-202. Germonprà © M, Sablin MV, Stevens RE, Hedges REM, Hofreiter M, Stiller M, and Desprà © VR. 2009. Fossil dogs and wolves from Palaeolithic sites in Belgium, the Ukraine and Russia: osteometry, ancient DNA and stable isotopes. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(2):473-490. Ovodov ND, Crockford SJ, Kuzmin YV, Higham TFG, Hodgins GWL, and van der Plicht J. 2011. A 33,000-Year-Old Incipient Dog from the Altai Mountains of Siberia: Evidence of the Earliest Domestication Disrupted by the Last Glacial Maximum. PLoS ONE 6(7):e22821. Open Access Pionnier-Capitan M, Bemilli C, Bodu P, Cà ©là ©rier G, Ferrià © J-G, Fosse P, Garcià   M, and Vigne J-D. 2011. New evidence for Upper Palaeolithic small domestic dogs in South-Western Europe. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(9):2123-2140. Thalmann O, Shapiro B, Cui P, Schuenemann VJ, Sawyer SK, Greenfield DL, Germonprà © MB, Sablin MV, Là ³pez-Girà ¡ldez F, Domingo-Roura X et al. . 2013. Complete mitochondrial genomes of ancient canids suggest a European origin of domestic dogs. Science 342(6160):871-874.

Learning Style Inventory ( Lsi ) - 1679 Words

Learning Style is a Term that has been of interest in the past few decades in the field of Organizational Behavior. It refers to the way individuals perceive to acquire new skills, knowledge, or education. Scholars of organizational behavior owe David Kolb who is the leading pioneer for the introduction of such term due to his work since 1970`s. David Kolb, a Professor of Organizational Behavior at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland in the US, established an Experimental theory based on a 17 years search study to develop and enhance the abilities of educators using the Learning Style Inventory (LSI). Coffieldand et al (2004).His aim was to improve traditional teaching for management students in perceiving new learned topics. He†¦show more content†¦xCoffieldand et al mentioned that the authors were keen to emphasize (2000, 43) that ‘no single style has an overwhelming advantage over any other. Each has strengths and weaknesses but the strengths may be especially important in one situation, but not in another. Several scholars disagreed with the idea; that each individual has a unique learning style. They critiqued the work of Kolb, Honey and Mumford, and others who followed on the road of searching for improving and classifying educators in to learning categories. They insisted that naming individual according to learning style prevent them from adapting to new ways of learning. In this paper I used Honey and Mumford questionnaire to determine a suitable development program for a candidate. The candidate will answer the Learning style questionnaire (attached in appendix) as honestly as possible, his educational background and past experience should be taken into consideration in the development program. MATERIAL AND METHODS People in organizations are individuals with deferent behavior, values and personality, whereas organizations â€Å"are group of people who works interdependently toward some purpose† (McShawn,andVonGlinow 4th edition). This workforce diversity needs to be stormed and aligned through what is called evolving employment relationship, thus resulting in increasing their flexibility. Employees should also increase their flexibility throughShow MoreRelatedThe Learning Styles Inventory ( Lsi )921 Words   |  4 PagesIn EDCL 5339, Understanding Self, I took the Learning Styles Inventory (LSI). The results showed that my confirmed strengths are Oppositional, Power, Competitive and Perfectionist. I do not demonstrate strong Oppositional self. I tend to keep an open mind and am willing to listen to others’ opinion. Sometimes, I feel I go along with what others want easily. In my close relationships, I am more opinionated than I am with my colleagues. 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In linking the 4MAT system to teaching strategiesRead MoreKolb Learning Style Inventory7058 Words   |  29 PagesThe Kolb Learning Style Inventory—Version 3.1 2005 Technical Speciï ¬ cations Alice Y. Kolb Experience Based Learning Systems, Inc. David A. Kolb Case Western Reserve University May 15, 2005 Abstract The Kolb Learning Style Inventory Version 3.1 (KLSI 3.1), revised in 2005, is the latest revision of the original Learning Style Inventory developed by David A. Kolb. Like its predecessors, KLSI 3.1 is based on experiential learning theory (Kolb 1984) and is designed to help individuals identify the wayRead MoreEssay on Gm591 - Life Styles Inventory (Lsi) Results1486 Words   |  6 Pages[pic] GM 591: Life Styles Inventory – Survey results for John Hastings Instructor: Rick Roechnes Date: 09-JAN-2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 3 2.0 Personal Thinking Styles (Part I) 3 2.1 Primary thinking Back up thinking style 4 2.2 Limiting thinking style 4 3.0 Impact on Management Style (Part II) 5 3.1 Planning 5 3.2 Organizing 6 3.3 Leading 6 3.4 Controlling 6 4.0 Genesis of Personal Styles (Part III) 6 5.0 ConclusionRead MoreThe Academic Success Patterns Of Each Individual Participant1350 Words   |  6 Pageswill be no restrictions on characteristics such as age, race or ethnicity. The learning styles of each participant will be measured at the beginning of each semester, therefore if any of the participant’s learning styles change by the end of semester one, their data will be excluded from the study. Since the study is looking at the academic success patterns of each individual participant, the change in learning style from first to second semester could cause a disruption in the data patterns, whichRead MoreLsi Paper1622 Words   |  7 PagesLSI PAPER Richard Timian Leadership and Organizational Behavior Friday, September 14, 2007 Introduction The Life Styles Inventory (LSI) is a self-assessment diagnostic instrument that measures 12 key thinking patterns, or styles. The LSI promotes performance change and improvement by increasing personal understanding of ones thinking and behavior. 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Dr. John Doe created the Life Styles Inventory (LSI) assignment; the purpose of this assessment is for people to receive a better understanding of oneself. As stated form the LSI website, Life Styles Inventory (LSI) measures 12 specific styles of patterns of thinking that can either help or hinder a person from reaching his or her potential. The system provides a road map to properly

Investigating Light and Photosynthesis Essay Example For Students

Investigating Light and Photosynthesis Essay Photosynthesis is the process where a plant converts sunlight into glucose. Glucose is the food for the plant, thus plants create there own food. Plants do this by a chemical reaction. Plants use the sunlight, carbon dioxide and water; plants use a chemical named chlorophyll in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is used to convert the sunlight into glucose. There are two bi-products of this reaction; they are glucose, which is useful to the plant as it is what the plant lives off, and oxygen, which is not useful to the plant as a result of this it is released into the atmosphere. The word equation of photosynthesis is: Carbon-dioxide + water >sunlight> glucose + oxygen 6CO2 + H2O >sunlight> C6H12O6 + 6O2 From the equation an easy way to measure the rate of photosynthesis is to count the individual oxygen bubbles given off per unit of time e.g. bubbles per minute. Apparatus The apparatus that was used for this experiment was: beaker, boiling tube, pond weed, lamp, water, meter ruler, stop clock scissors. Prediction I predict that the closer the lamp to the boiling tube containing the pond weed and water the faster the rate of photosynthesis, the more bubbles will come from the weed and faster or larger. The plant in the first and second minute may be in a state of warming up therefore the first and second minute s results may be discarded these results are obtrusive. Method Firstly the pond weed has to be prepared for the investigation. To do this the bottom three to four rows of leaves must be removed using scissors. An incision must then be made cutting diagonally at a 45? angle to allow the bubbles to flow more freely from the stem of the plant. The pond weed must be around seven centimeters in length and should also be placed fully submerged in the boiling tube wit the end with the incision in at the top of the boiling tube. The boiling tube should then be submerged in water inside the beaker, this is done in order to make the experiment fair as it makes sure that the outside temperature cannot affect the results, and the radiated heat from the lamp may heat the water thus making the experiment unfair. The next thing that needs to be done is the meter ruler needs to be placed next to the beaker and intervals of five centimeters are marked on. The lamp is then placed at the first five centimeters from the beaker the lamp is then switched on and pointing toward the beaker. The stop clock is started for a minute then stopped, during this minute the amount of bubbles that come out of the stem of the plant are counted and recorded in a results table. After the minute is over the lamp is moved to the next five centimeter mark, it should be the ten cm mark, the stop watch is started for a minute then stopped, and again the bubbles are counted and recorded for that minute. This cycle continues until the lamp reaches the sixth mark. Results- table |Minutes> |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |Average | |Stagesv | | | | | | | |S1 5cm |15 |19 |26 |25 |23 |21. 6 | | | | | | | |bubbles | |S2 10cm |20 |22 |19 |17 |18 |19.2 | | | | | | | |bubbles | |S315cm |12 |11 |15 |14 |14 |8.8 bubbles| |S4 20cm |12 |8 |5 |7 |12 |8.8 bubbles| |S5 25cm |10 |5 |4 |6 |3 |5.6 bubbles| |S6 30cm |2 |6 |1 |3 |2 |2.8 bubbles| Analysis From the graph it is easy to determine that it agrees with my prediction. The curved line of best fit shows how the photosynthesis rate of production. .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03 , .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03 .postImageUrl , .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03 , .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03:hover , .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03:visited , .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03:active { border:0!important; } .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03:active , .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03 .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u68b95dcfd0d310ddffda3e7ee03e0b03:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An oral presentation arguing for the legalisation EssayEvaluation From my graph I can see that the amount of light is not directly proportionate to the rate of photosynthesis, I can say this because the line in the graph is curved and not straight. There are no anomalous results. To take this experiment further I could use color light filters to see if the color of the light affects photosynthesis and the rate of photosynthesis, then record the results and compare them to the results I have already got. .